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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-09-24
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COVER STORY, Page 48ROSS PEROTMaking Sense of the Polls
By LAURENCE I. BARRETT/WASHINGTON
"PEROT LEADS IN NEW POLL" has become so frequent a bulletin
that the Texas billionaire's image has changed from interesting
maverick to serious presidential contender. If Ross Perot does
endure as a major force into autumn, one large reason will be
the opinion surveys of spring, despite their notorious fragility
during this period. Says pollster Peter Hart: "More than any
other person I can think of in American politics, Perot has been
aided and abetted by the polls."
Headlines trumpeting Perot's apparent popularity offset
what is normally a huge liability for a little-known
independent -- skepticism that he has any chance to win. In
Perot's case, poll results feed on themselves. High ratings help
beget higher ratings even while he remains an elusive figure who
declines to state his views.
Yet the numbers that seem firm can be illusory, as a
survey by the Times Mirror Center for The People & The Press
showed last week. To explore the quirkiness of the public's
mood, the center matched Operation Desert Storm hero Norman
Schwarzkopf against George Bush and Bill Clinton. The retired
Army general placed second, with 29%, vs. 35% for Bush and 27%
for Clinton. Andrew Kohut, who ran the poll, thinks that result
"underscores the difficulty of judging how much of Perot's
standing is really support for Perot rather than a yearning for
a nonpolitical alternative." In another experiment, Kohut found
that Perot fell from first place to second in a three-way test
when the questionnaire omitted a preliminary item comparing only
Bush and Clinton. When confronted solely with choosing among
the trio, some voters apmove from Perot to "undecided." When
opinion is in as mercurial a phase as it is now, small changes
in polling methods affect results.
Such nuances are familiar to pollsters and political
reporters but meaningto the public. Also opaque are differences
between types of surveys. Perot got a large boost earlier this
month when, in the final round of primaries, the networks
included his name in exit polls -- interviews with those who
have just cast ballots. Such samplings usually provide reliable
demographic data and allow speedy projection of the winners. But
those who come out for primary elections are not representative
of the larger electorate.
It is also risky, in terms of eliciting firm opinion, to
mix questions about what people have just done in voting booths
and what they would do in a different election. And Perot, who
had not run in the primaries, had been spared the criticism and
intense scrutiny inflicted on the active candidates. His strong
showing in the exit polls so dominated news coverage that he won
a publicity victory in contests he had not entered.
Even in more serene elections early polls often prove
ephemeral, because voters' preferences are, in pollsterspeak,
"lightly held." In 1988 Michael Dukakis' 17-point lead over
George Bush disappeared in a twinkle. This year the public's
extraordinarily sour mood makes horse-race numbers still more
suspect. "In this atmosphere," says Everett Carll Ladd, director
of the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, "polls often
become a source of misinformation rather than insight into
what's happening."